/**************************************************************************** * * Copyright (c) 2020 PX4 Development Team. All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in * the documentation and/or other materials provided with the * distribution. * 3. Neither the name PX4 nor the names of its contributors may be * used to endorse or promote products derived from this software * without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN * ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. * ****************************************************************************/ #include "ICM20948.hpp" #include "AKM_AK09916_registers.hpp" using namespace time_literals; static constexpr int16_t combine(uint8_t msb, uint8_t lsb) { return (msb << 8u) | lsb; } ICM20948::ICM20948(I2CSPIBusOption bus_option, int bus, uint32_t device, enum Rotation rotation, int bus_frequency, spi_mode_e spi_mode, spi_drdy_gpio_t drdy_gpio, bool enable_magnetometer) : SPI(DRV_IMU_DEVTYPE_ICM20948, MODULE_NAME, bus, device, spi_mode, bus_frequency), I2CSPIDriver(MODULE_NAME, px4::device_bus_to_wq(get_device_id()), bus_option, bus), _drdy_gpio(drdy_gpio), _px4_accel(get_device_id(), rotation), _px4_gyro(get_device_id(), rotation) { if (drdy_gpio != 0) { _drdy_missed_perf = perf_alloc(PC_COUNT, MODULE_NAME": DRDY missed"); } ConfigureSampleRate(_px4_gyro.get_max_rate_hz()); if (enable_magnetometer) { _slave_ak09916_magnetometer = new AKM_AK09916::ICM20948_AK09916(*this, rotation); if (_slave_ak09916_magnetometer) { for (auto &r : _register_bank3_cfg) { if (r.reg == Register::BANK_3::I2C_SLV4_CTRL) { r.set_bits = I2C_SLV4_CTRL_BIT::I2C_MST_DLY; } else if (r.reg == Register::BANK_3::I2C_MST_CTRL) { r.set_bits = I2C_MST_CTRL_BIT::I2C_MST_P_NSR | I2C_MST_CTRL_BIT::I2C_MST_CLK_400_kHz; } else if (r.reg == Register::BANK_3::I2C_MST_DELAY_CTRL) { r.set_bits = I2C_MST_DELAY_CTRL_BIT::I2C_SLVX_DLY_EN; } } } } } ICM20948::~ICM20948() { perf_free(_bad_register_perf); perf_free(_bad_transfer_perf); perf_free(_fifo_empty_perf); perf_free(_fifo_overflow_perf); perf_free(_fifo_reset_perf); perf_free(_drdy_missed_perf); delete _slave_ak09916_magnetometer; } int ICM20948::init() { int ret = SPI::init(); if (ret != PX4_OK) { DEVICE_DEBUG("SPI::init failed (%i)", ret); return ret; } return Reset() ? 0 : -1; } bool ICM20948::Reset() { _state = STATE::RESET; DataReadyInterruptDisable(); ScheduleClear(); ScheduleNow(); return true; } void ICM20948::exit_and_cleanup() { DataReadyInterruptDisable(); I2CSPIDriverBase::exit_and_cleanup(); } void ICM20948::print_status() { I2CSPIDriverBase::print_status(); PX4_INFO("FIFO empty interval: %d us (%.1f Hz)", _fifo_empty_interval_us, 1e6 / _fifo_empty_interval_us); perf_print_counter(_bad_register_perf); perf_print_counter(_bad_transfer_perf); perf_print_counter(_fifo_empty_perf); perf_print_counter(_fifo_overflow_perf); perf_print_counter(_fifo_reset_perf); perf_print_counter(_drdy_missed_perf); if (_slave_ak09916_magnetometer) { _slave_ak09916_magnetometer->PrintInfo(); } } int ICM20948::probe() { const uint8_t whoami = RegisterRead(Register::BANK_0::WHO_AM_I); if (whoami != WHOAMI) { DEVICE_DEBUG("unexpected WHO_AM_I 0x%02x", whoami); return PX4_ERROR; } return PX4_OK; } void ICM20948::RunImpl() { const hrt_abstime now = hrt_absolute_time(); switch (_state) { case STATE::RESET: // PWR_MGMT_1: Device Reset RegisterWrite(Register::BANK_0::PWR_MGMT_1, PWR_MGMT_1_BIT::DEVICE_RESET); _reset_timestamp = now; _failure_count = 0; _state = STATE::WAIT_FOR_RESET; ScheduleDelayed(100_ms); break; case STATE::WAIT_FOR_RESET: // The reset value is 0x00 for all registers other than the registers below if ((RegisterRead(Register::BANK_0::WHO_AM_I) == WHOAMI) && (RegisterRead(Register::BANK_0::PWR_MGMT_1) == 0x41)) { // Wakeup and reset RegisterWrite(Register::BANK_0::PWR_MGMT_1, PWR_MGMT_1_BIT::CLKSEL_0); RegisterWrite(Register::BANK_0::USER_CTRL, USER_CTRL_BIT::I2C_MST_EN | USER_CTRL_BIT::I2C_IF_DIS | USER_CTRL_BIT::SRAM_RST | USER_CTRL_BIT::I2C_MST_RST); // if reset succeeded then configure _state = STATE::CONFIGURE; ScheduleDelayed(100_ms); } else { // RESET not complete if (hrt_elapsed_time(&_reset_timestamp) > 1000_ms) { PX4_DEBUG("Reset failed, retrying"); _state = STATE::RESET; ScheduleDelayed(100_ms); } else { PX4_DEBUG("Reset not complete, check again in 100 ms"); ScheduleDelayed(100_ms); } } break; case STATE::CONFIGURE: if (Configure()) { // start AK09916 magnetometer (I2C aux) if (_slave_ak09916_magnetometer) { _slave_ak09916_magnetometer->Reset(); } // if configure succeeded then start reading from FIFO _state = STATE::FIFO_READ; if (DataReadyInterruptConfigure()) { _data_ready_interrupt_enabled = true; // backup schedule as a watchdog timeout ScheduleDelayed(100_ms); } else { _data_ready_interrupt_enabled = false; ScheduleOnInterval(_fifo_empty_interval_us, _fifo_empty_interval_us); } FIFOReset(); } else { // CONFIGURE not complete if (hrt_elapsed_time(&_reset_timestamp) > 1000_ms) { PX4_DEBUG("Configure failed, resetting"); _state = STATE::RESET; } else { PX4_DEBUG("Configure failed, retrying"); } ScheduleDelayed(100_ms); } break; case STATE::FIFO_READ: { if (_data_ready_interrupt_enabled) { // scheduled from interrupt if _drdy_fifo_read_samples was set if (_drdy_fifo_read_samples.fetch_and(0) != _fifo_gyro_samples) { perf_count(_drdy_missed_perf); } // push backup schedule back ScheduleDelayed(_fifo_empty_interval_us * 2); } // always check current FIFO count bool success = false; const uint16_t fifo_count = FIFOReadCount(); if (fifo_count >= FIFO::SIZE) { FIFOReset(); perf_count(_fifo_overflow_perf); } else if (fifo_count == 0) { perf_count(_fifo_empty_perf); } else { // FIFO count (size in bytes) should be a multiple of the FIFO::DATA structure const uint8_t samples = (fifo_count / sizeof(FIFO::DATA) / SAMPLES_PER_TRANSFER) * SAMPLES_PER_TRANSFER; // round down to nearest if (samples > FIFO_MAX_SAMPLES) { // not technically an overflow, but more samples than we expected or can publish FIFOReset(); perf_count(_fifo_overflow_perf); } else if (samples >= 1) { if (FIFORead(now, samples)) { success = true; if (_failure_count > 0) { _failure_count--; } } } } if (!success) { _failure_count++; // full reset if things are failing consistently if (_failure_count > 10) { Reset(); return; } } if (!success || hrt_elapsed_time(&_last_config_check_timestamp) > 100_ms) { // check configuration registers periodically or immediately following any failure if (RegisterCheck(_register_bank0_cfg[_checked_register_bank0]) && RegisterCheck(_register_bank2_cfg[_checked_register_bank2]) && RegisterCheck(_register_bank3_cfg[_checked_register_bank3]) ) { _last_config_check_timestamp = now; _checked_register_bank0 = (_checked_register_bank0 + 1) % size_register_bank0_cfg; _checked_register_bank2 = (_checked_register_bank2 + 1) % size_register_bank2_cfg; _checked_register_bank3 = (_checked_register_bank3 + 1) % size_register_bank3_cfg; } else { // register check failed, force reset perf_count(_bad_register_perf); Reset(); } } else { // periodically update temperature (~1 Hz) if (hrt_elapsed_time(&_temperature_update_timestamp) >= 1_s) { UpdateTemperature(); _temperature_update_timestamp = now; } } } break; } } void ICM20948::ConfigureAccel() { const uint8_t ACCEL_FS_SEL = RegisterRead(Register::BANK_2::ACCEL_CONFIG) & (Bit2 | Bit1); // 2:1 ACCEL_FS_SEL[1:0] switch (ACCEL_FS_SEL) { case ACCEL_FS_SEL_2G: _px4_accel.set_scale(CONSTANTS_ONE_G / 16384.f); _px4_accel.set_range(2.f * CONSTANTS_ONE_G); break; case ACCEL_FS_SEL_4G: _px4_accel.set_scale(CONSTANTS_ONE_G / 8192.f); _px4_accel.set_range(4.f * CONSTANTS_ONE_G); break; case ACCEL_FS_SEL_8G: _px4_accel.set_scale(CONSTANTS_ONE_G / 4096.f); _px4_accel.set_range(8.f * CONSTANTS_ONE_G); break; case ACCEL_FS_SEL_16G: _px4_accel.set_scale(CONSTANTS_ONE_G / 2048.f); _px4_accel.set_range(16.f * CONSTANTS_ONE_G); break; } } void ICM20948::ConfigureGyro() { const uint8_t GYRO_FS_SEL = RegisterRead(Register::BANK_2::GYRO_CONFIG_1) & (Bit2 | Bit1); // 2:1 GYRO_FS_SEL[1:0] float range_dps = 0.f; switch (GYRO_FS_SEL) { case GYRO_FS_SEL_250_DPS: range_dps = 250.f; break; case GYRO_FS_SEL_500_DPS: range_dps = 500.f; break; case GYRO_FS_SEL_1000_DPS: range_dps = 1000.f; break; case GYRO_FS_SEL_2000_DPS: range_dps = 2000.f; break; } _px4_gyro.set_scale(math::radians(range_dps / 32768.f)); _px4_gyro.set_range(math::radians(range_dps)); } void ICM20948::ConfigureSampleRate(int sample_rate) { // round down to nearest FIFO sample dt * SAMPLES_PER_TRANSFER const float min_interval = FIFO_SAMPLE_DT * SAMPLES_PER_TRANSFER; _fifo_empty_interval_us = math::max(roundf((1e6f / (float)sample_rate) / min_interval) * min_interval, min_interval); _fifo_gyro_samples = roundf(math::min((float)_fifo_empty_interval_us / (1e6f / GYRO_RATE), (float)FIFO_MAX_SAMPLES)); // recompute FIFO empty interval (us) with actual gyro sample limit _fifo_empty_interval_us = _fifo_gyro_samples * (1e6f / GYRO_RATE); } void ICM20948::SelectRegisterBank(enum REG_BANK_SEL_BIT bank) { if (bank != _last_register_bank) { // select BANK_0 uint8_t cmd_bank_sel[2] {}; cmd_bank_sel[0] = static_cast(Register::BANK_0::REG_BANK_SEL); cmd_bank_sel[1] = bank; transfer(cmd_bank_sel, cmd_bank_sel, sizeof(cmd_bank_sel)); _last_register_bank = bank; } } bool ICM20948::Configure() { // first set and clear all configured register bits for (const auto ®_cfg : _register_bank0_cfg) { RegisterSetAndClearBits(reg_cfg.reg, reg_cfg.set_bits, reg_cfg.clear_bits); } for (const auto ®_cfg : _register_bank2_cfg) { RegisterSetAndClearBits(reg_cfg.reg, reg_cfg.set_bits, reg_cfg.clear_bits); } for (const auto ®_cfg : _register_bank3_cfg) { RegisterSetAndClearBits(reg_cfg.reg, reg_cfg.set_bits, reg_cfg.clear_bits); } // now check that all are configured bool success = true; for (const auto ®_cfg : _register_bank0_cfg) { if (!RegisterCheck(reg_cfg)) { success = false; } } for (const auto ®_cfg : _register_bank2_cfg) { if (!RegisterCheck(reg_cfg)) { success = false; } } for (const auto ®_cfg : _register_bank3_cfg) { if (!RegisterCheck(reg_cfg)) { success = false; } } ConfigureAccel(); ConfigureGyro(); return success; } int ICM20948::DataReadyInterruptCallback(int irq, void *context, void *arg) { static_cast(arg)->DataReady(); return 0; } void ICM20948::DataReady() { uint32_t expected = 0; // at least the required number of samples in the FIFO if (((_drdy_count.fetch_add(1) + 1) >= _fifo_gyro_samples) && _drdy_fifo_read_samples.compare_exchange(&expected, _fifo_gyro_samples)) { _drdy_count.store(0); ScheduleNow(); } } bool ICM20948::DataReadyInterruptConfigure() { // TODO: enable data ready interrupt return false; #if 0 if (_drdy_gpio == 0) { return false; } // Setup data ready on falling edge return px4_arch_gpiosetevent(_drdy_gpio, false, true, true, &DataReadyInterruptCallback, this) == 0; #endif } bool ICM20948::DataReadyInterruptDisable() { // TODO: enable data ready interrupt return false; #if 0 if (_drdy_gpio == 0) { return false; } return px4_arch_gpiosetevent(_drdy_gpio, false, false, false, nullptr, nullptr) == 0; #endif } template bool ICM20948::RegisterCheck(const T ®_cfg) { bool success = true; const uint8_t reg_value = RegisterRead(reg_cfg.reg); if (reg_cfg.set_bits && ((reg_value & reg_cfg.set_bits) != reg_cfg.set_bits)) { PX4_DEBUG("0x%02hhX: 0x%02hhX (0x%02hhX not set)", (uint8_t)reg_cfg.reg, reg_value, reg_cfg.set_bits); success = false; } if (reg_cfg.clear_bits && ((reg_value & reg_cfg.clear_bits) != 0)) { PX4_DEBUG("0x%02hhX: 0x%02hhX (0x%02hhX not cleared)", (uint8_t)reg_cfg.reg, reg_value, reg_cfg.clear_bits); success = false; } return success; } template uint8_t ICM20948::RegisterRead(T reg) { uint8_t cmd[2] {}; cmd[0] = static_cast(reg) | DIR_READ; SelectRegisterBank(reg); transfer(cmd, cmd, sizeof(cmd)); return cmd[1]; } template void ICM20948::RegisterWrite(T reg, uint8_t value) { uint8_t cmd[2] { (uint8_t)reg, value }; SelectRegisterBank(reg); transfer(cmd, cmd, sizeof(cmd)); } template void ICM20948::RegisterSetAndClearBits(T reg, uint8_t setbits, uint8_t clearbits) { const uint8_t orig_val = RegisterRead(reg); uint8_t val = (orig_val & ~clearbits) | setbits; if (orig_val != val) { RegisterWrite(reg, val); } } uint16_t ICM20948::FIFOReadCount() { SelectRegisterBank(REG_BANK_SEL_BIT::USER_BANK_0); // read FIFO count uint8_t fifo_count_buf[3] {}; fifo_count_buf[0] = static_cast(Register::BANK_0::FIFO_COUNTH) | DIR_READ; if (transfer(fifo_count_buf, fifo_count_buf, sizeof(fifo_count_buf)) != PX4_OK) { perf_count(_bad_transfer_perf); return 0; } return combine(fifo_count_buf[1], fifo_count_buf[2]); } bool ICM20948::FIFORead(const hrt_abstime ×tamp_sample, uint8_t samples) { SelectRegisterBank(REG_BANK_SEL_BIT::USER_BANK_0); FIFOTransferBuffer buffer{}; const size_t transfer_size = math::min(samples * sizeof(FIFO::DATA) + 3, FIFO::SIZE); if (transfer((uint8_t *)&buffer, (uint8_t *)&buffer, transfer_size) != PX4_OK) { perf_count(_bad_transfer_perf); return false; } const uint16_t fifo_count_bytes = combine(buffer.FIFO_COUNTH, buffer.FIFO_COUNTL); if (fifo_count_bytes >= FIFO::SIZE) { perf_count(_fifo_overflow_perf); FIFOReset(); return false; } const uint8_t fifo_count_samples = fifo_count_bytes / sizeof(FIFO::DATA); if (fifo_count_samples == 0) { perf_count(_fifo_empty_perf); return false; } const uint16_t valid_samples = math::min(samples, fifo_count_samples); if (valid_samples > 0) { ProcessGyro(timestamp_sample, buffer.f, valid_samples); if (ProcessAccel(timestamp_sample, buffer.f, valid_samples)) { return true; } } return false; } void ICM20948::FIFOReset() { perf_count(_fifo_reset_perf); // FIFO_RST: reset FIFO RegisterSetBits(Register::BANK_0::FIFO_RST, FIFO_RST_BIT::FIFO_RESET); RegisterClearBits(Register::BANK_0::FIFO_RST, FIFO_RST_BIT::FIFO_RESET); // reset while FIFO is disabled _drdy_count.store(0); _drdy_fifo_read_samples.store(0); } static bool fifo_accel_equal(const FIFO::DATA &f0, const FIFO::DATA &f1) { return (memcmp(&f0.ACCEL_XOUT_H, &f1.ACCEL_XOUT_H, 6) == 0); } bool ICM20948::ProcessAccel(const hrt_abstime ×tamp_sample, const FIFO::DATA fifo[], const uint8_t samples) { sensor_accel_fifo_s accel{}; accel.timestamp_sample = timestamp_sample; accel.samples = 0; accel.dt = FIFO_SAMPLE_DT * SAMPLES_PER_TRANSFER; bool bad_data = false; // accel data is doubled in FIFO, but might be shifted int accel_first_sample = 1; if (samples >= 4) { if (fifo_accel_equal(fifo[0], fifo[1]) && fifo_accel_equal(fifo[2], fifo[3])) { // [A0, A1, A2, A3] // A0==A1, A2==A3 accel_first_sample = 1; } else if (fifo_accel_equal(fifo[1], fifo[2])) { // [A0, A1, A2, A3] // A0, A1==A2, A3 accel_first_sample = 0; } else { // no matching accel samples is an error bad_data = true; perf_count(_bad_transfer_perf); } } for (int i = accel_first_sample; i < samples; i = i + SAMPLES_PER_TRANSFER) { int16_t accel_x = combine(fifo[i].ACCEL_XOUT_H, fifo[i].ACCEL_XOUT_L); int16_t accel_y = combine(fifo[i].ACCEL_YOUT_H, fifo[i].ACCEL_YOUT_L); int16_t accel_z = combine(fifo[i].ACCEL_ZOUT_H, fifo[i].ACCEL_ZOUT_L); // sensor's frame is +x forward, +y left, +z up // flip y & z to publish right handed with z down (x forward, y right, z down) accel.x[accel.samples] = accel_x; accel.y[accel.samples] = (accel_y == INT16_MIN) ? INT16_MAX : -accel_y; accel.z[accel.samples] = (accel_z == INT16_MIN) ? INT16_MAX : -accel_z; accel.samples++; } _px4_accel.set_error_count(perf_event_count(_bad_register_perf) + perf_event_count(_bad_transfer_perf) + perf_event_count(_fifo_empty_perf) + perf_event_count(_fifo_overflow_perf)); if (accel.samples > 0) { _px4_accel.updateFIFO(accel); } return !bad_data; } void ICM20948::ProcessGyro(const hrt_abstime ×tamp_sample, const FIFO::DATA fifo[], const uint8_t samples) { sensor_gyro_fifo_s gyro{}; gyro.timestamp_sample = timestamp_sample; gyro.samples = samples; gyro.dt = FIFO_SAMPLE_DT; for (int i = 0; i < samples; i++) { const int16_t gyro_x = combine(fifo[i].GYRO_XOUT_H, fifo[i].GYRO_XOUT_L); const int16_t gyro_y = combine(fifo[i].GYRO_YOUT_H, fifo[i].GYRO_YOUT_L); const int16_t gyro_z = combine(fifo[i].GYRO_ZOUT_H, fifo[i].GYRO_ZOUT_L); // sensor's frame is +x forward, +y left, +z up // flip y & z to publish right handed with z down (x forward, y right, z down) gyro.x[i] = gyro_x; gyro.y[i] = (gyro_y == INT16_MIN) ? INT16_MAX : -gyro_y; gyro.z[i] = (gyro_z == INT16_MIN) ? INT16_MAX : -gyro_z; } _px4_gyro.set_error_count(perf_event_count(_bad_register_perf) + perf_event_count(_bad_transfer_perf) + perf_event_count(_fifo_empty_perf) + perf_event_count(_fifo_overflow_perf)); _px4_gyro.updateFIFO(gyro); } void ICM20948::UpdateTemperature() { // read current temperature uint8_t temperature_buf[3] {}; temperature_buf[0] = static_cast(Register::BANK_0::TEMP_OUT_H) | DIR_READ; SelectRegisterBank(REG_BANK_SEL_BIT::USER_BANK_0); if (transfer(temperature_buf, temperature_buf, sizeof(temperature_buf)) != PX4_OK) { perf_count(_bad_transfer_perf); return; } const int16_t TEMP_OUT = combine(temperature_buf[1], temperature_buf[2]); const float TEMP_degC = (TEMP_OUT / TEMPERATURE_SENSITIVITY) + TEMPERATURE_OFFSET; if (PX4_ISFINITE(TEMP_degC)) { _px4_accel.set_temperature(TEMP_degC); _px4_gyro.set_temperature(TEMP_degC); } } void ICM20948::I2CSlaveRegisterWrite(uint8_t slave_i2c_addr, uint8_t reg, uint8_t val) { RegisterWrite(Register::BANK_3::I2C_SLV0_ADDR, slave_i2c_addr); RegisterWrite(Register::BANK_3::I2C_SLV0_REG, reg); RegisterWrite(Register::BANK_3::I2C_SLV0_DO, val); } void ICM20948::I2CSlaveExternalSensorDataEnable(uint8_t slave_i2c_addr, uint8_t reg, uint8_t size) { RegisterWrite(Register::BANK_3::I2C_SLV0_ADDR, slave_i2c_addr | I2C_SLV0_ADDR_BIT::I2C_SLV0_RNW); RegisterWrite(Register::BANK_3::I2C_SLV0_REG, reg); RegisterWrite(Register::BANK_3::I2C_SLV0_CTRL, size | I2C_SLV0_CTRL_BIT::I2C_SLV0_EN); } bool ICM20948::I2CSlaveExternalSensorDataRead(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t length) { bool ret = false; if (buffer != nullptr && length <= 24) { // max EXT_SENS_DATA 24 bytes uint8_t transfer_buffer[24 + 1] {}; transfer_buffer[0] = static_cast(Register::BANK_0::EXT_SLV_SENS_DATA_00) | DIR_READ; SelectRegisterBank(REG_BANK_SEL_BIT::USER_BANK_0); if (transfer(transfer_buffer, transfer_buffer, length + 1) == PX4_OK) { ret = true; } // copy data after cmd back to return buffer memcpy(buffer, &transfer_buffer[1], length); } return ret; }